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1. Intshayelelo
Ukunyibilikisa ubhedu nge-pyrometallurgical kuseyeyona ndlela iphambili yokuvelisa ubhedu olucociweyo, olune-80% yamandla ehlabathi. Le nkqubo iguqula i-copper sulfide concentrates (ngokuyintloko i-chalcopyrite, i-CuFeS₂) ibe yi-high-purity cathode copper (≥99.99% Cu) ngokusebenzisa uthotho lwemisebenzi ye-metallurgical yobushushu obuphezulu. Eli nqaku lichaza i-mainstream integrated flowsheet equka ukunyibilikisa i-flash, ukuguqula, ukucokisa i-anode, kunye nokucokisa i-electrolytic.
2. Ukulungiselela nokuxuba i-Conceal
Ii-copper concentrates (25-35% Cu) zifika ngesitya esikhulu kwaye zigcinwa kwiindawo ezigqunyiweyo. Umthamo womswakama uhlala uphakathi kwe-8-12% kwaye kufuneka uncitshiswe uye kwi-≤0.3% kusetyenziswa ii-rotary kilns okanye ii-fluidized-bed dryers ukuthintela ukuqhuma kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla amaninzi ekunyibilikiseni okungaphantsi komsinga.
I-concentrate eyomileyo ixutywe ne-fluxes (quartz, limestone), i-reverts, kunye ne-converter slag ngokwemilinganiselo elawulwa ngokuchanekileyo. Izityalo zanamhlanje zisebenzisa ii-disc feeders ezizenzekelayo kunye neenkqubo ze-load-cell ezifikelela ekuchanekeni kokuxuba ngaphakathi kwe-±0.5%.
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3. Ukunyibilikisa ngokuKhanya
Ukunyibilikisa i-flash yeyona ndlela iphambili yokulungisa i-copper sulfide concentrates, emelwe kwihlabathi liphela yi-Outotec (ngoku eyiMetso) flash furnitures kunye ne-oxygen blown furnitures eyenziwe eTshayina.
3.1 Umgaqo weNkqubo
I-dry concentrate ifakwe kwi-airstream eshushu, etyebiswe yi-oksijini (uxinzelelo lwe-oksijini 75-90%) kwi-850-950°C. Ii-reaction (ukomisa, i-oxidation, i-slag kunye nokwakheka kwe-matte) zigqitywa kwimizuzwana emi-3-5, kunye nobushushu be-reaction obugcina ukusebenza kwe-autothermal. Ii-reaction eziphambili ziquka: 4CuFeS₂ + 9O₂ → 4CuS + 2Fe₂O₃ + 8SO₂ 2FeS + 3O₂ + 2SiO₂ → 2FeO·SiO₂ + 2SO₂
3.2 Izixhobo Eziphambili
- Umngxuma wokusabela: ubude obuyi-11-14 m, ububanzi obuyi-7-9 m, ugqunywe ngezitena ze-magnesite-chrome kunye neejakethi zamanzi zekopolo.
- Umngxuma wokuhlalisa kunye nowokutsalwa: ukwahlulahlula amandla ombane kwi-matte (65-75% Cu) kunye ne-slag.
- Ibhoyila yobushushu obumdaka: ifumana ubushushu obufanelekileyo ukusuka kwi-~550°C ngaphandle kwegesi ukuze kwenziwe umphunga.
- Umlinganiselo we-oxygen-to-concentrate: 1.15-1.25 Nm³ O₂/t dry concentrate
- Ubushushu bomngxuma wokusabela: 1250-1300°C
- Ubushushu obuphantsi: 1180-1220°C
- Umlinganiselo we-Slag Fe/SiO₂: 1.1-1.4, ubhedu kwi-slag ≤0.6%
3.3 Iiparamitha zoLawulo oluBalulekileyo
Umthamo wesithando esinye esikhanyayo ufikelela kwi-4000-5500 t/d concentrate esebenza kakuhle kubushushu >98% kwaye phantse ibe yi-100% SO₂ capture.
4. Ukuguqula
I-Matte idluliselwa ngeempahla zokuhlamba ezishushu ngombane okanye iileyile ukuya kwii-converters zePeirce-Smith okanye kwii-oven ezitshintsha rhoqo.
4.1 Inqanaba Lokwenza I-Slag
Umoya otyebiswe yioksijini (25-35% O₂) uyavuthelwa ukuze unyibilikise i-iron sulfide. I-slag equlethe i-2-8% Cu iyasuswa kwaye ibuyiselwe ekunyibilikiseni kwe-flash.
4.2 Inqanaba Lokwenza Ubhedu
Ukuqhubeka nokuvuthela kunciphisa i-Cu₂S ibe yi-blister copper (98.5-99.3% Cu) kwi-1180-1230°C.
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1. Ukulayisha iKhoyili yeMaster kunye nokuGxina ngokuzenzekelayo → Imoto yekhoyili yehydraulic yeetoni ezili-15 + i-photoelectric servo EPC, impazamo yokulungelelanisa umgca ophakathi < 0.1 mm
2. Ukuvula kunye nokusekwa koxinzelelo → Ibhuleki yomgubo weMagnetic + ulawulo lwe-servo oluvaliweyo, 50–1500 N ehlengahlengiswayo ngokuchanekileyo
3. Ukunqunyulwa okuchanekileyo → Iidiski ze-tungsten carbide okanye ze-PM HSS ezingenisiweyo, ukunqunyulwa kwe-spindle ≤ 0.002 mm, ii-spacers zigutyungelwe ukuya kwi-±0.001 mm, imbuyekezo yokugutyungelwa ngexesha langempela
4. Ukuphathwa kwe-Edge Trim → Ii-winders ezizimeleyo ezineentloko ezimbini ezisikiweyo; i-trim ibuyiswe njengee-coil okanye ityunyuzwe kwindawo
5. Ukubuyela umva kunye nokuZihlukanisa ngeTyube → Ukuzihlukanisa komntu ngamnye kwi-dance-roll ngentambo nganye, ii-mandrels zomoya + ukhuseleko lwekona oluzenzekelayo, ulungelelwaniso lobuso ≤ ± 0.3 mm
6. Ukunqunyulwa okuZenzekelayo kunye nokuPakisha → Yehlisa isantya → nqumla → songa iphepha → ilebhile → khupha kwimizuzwana engama-45
Inkqubo epheleleyo yokuSika iCopper Coil eZenzekelayo
5. Ukucocwa koMlilo weSithando somlilo se-Anode
I-Blister copper itshajwa kwii-anode ezimile ezingama-50-500 t okanye ezigobileyo ukuze kucocwe ukuncipha kwe-oxidation.
5.1 Inqanaba lokuXiliswa kweOksijini
Iintambo zomoya okanye zeoksijini zisusa intsalela yeFe, iNi, iAs, iSb, kunye neBi njengenkunkuma edadayo.
5.2 Inqanaba lokunciphisa
Ioksijini iyancitshiswa kusetyenziswa igesi yendalo, idizili, okanye iipali zomthi ukuya kwi-150-300 ppm. Ubhedu olucociweyo luphoswa kwii-anode ezingama-300-450 kg (Cu ≥99.0%).
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6.1 Iimeko Zokusebenza
- Uxinano lwangoku: 220-320 A/m²
- I-voltage yeseli: 0.22-0.32 V
- Ubushushu be-Electrolyte: 60-65°C
- Cu²⁺: 40-55 g/L, simahla H₂SO₄: 150-220 g/L
6.2 Iimpendulo ze-Electrochemical
Ukunyibilika kwe-Anode: Cu → Cu²⁺ + 2e⁻ Ii-elements ezingaphezulu ezibalaseleyo (Au, Ag, Se, Te) zibika kwi-anode slime; ii-elements ezingezizo ezibalaseleyo zingena kwisisombululo. I-Cathode deposition ivelisa i-≥99.993% I-Cu ihlangabezana ne-LME Grade A specifications.
7. Unyango olungekho kwiGesi kunye noLawulo lweNdalo
Iigesi ezityebileyo ze-SO₂ ezivela kwi-flash furnace, kwi-converters, nakwii-anode furnaces ziyapholiswa, zisuswe uthuli, kwaye zicutshungulwe kwizityalo ze-acid ezidityaniswe kabini zifikelela kwi-99.8% yokubuyisela isalfure. Igesi yomsila i-SO₂ ingaphantsi kwe-100 mg/Nm³. I-Arsenic, i-mercury, kunye nezinye iintsimbi ezinzima zisuswa ngeenkqubo ezikhethekileyo.
8. Isiphelo
I-copper pyrometallurgy yanamhlanje ifikelele kuqhubekeko oluphezulu, ukwenziwa kwezinto ngokuzenzekelayo, kunye nokusebenza kokusingqongileyo. Ii-flowsheets ezidibeneyo zokunyibilikisa i-flash-converting-anode refining-electrorefining flowsheets zibonelela ngokubuyiswa kobhedu ngokubanzi >98.5% kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla athile kwe-280-320 kgce/t cathode, emele imilinganiselo yehlabathi. Uphuhliso oluqhubekayo ekuphuhlisweni kweoksijini, ubuchwepheshe bokwenza ubhedu oluqhubekayo, kunye nolawulo lwenkqubo yedijithali luya kuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokuzinza.
Ixesha leposi: Disemba-24-2025